Conquering David Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Conquering DavidIf there can be such beauty and structure of one man, it can be marveled at through the figure of David. designate to be the king of Israel, David armed with weapons and wit creates a brave yet intellectual spirit as he defeats the Philistine giant, Goliath. With such a flop presence as David, it is easy to see how three talented artists could portray a strong and intelligent man in a very contrary but still successful manner. Michelangelo, Donatello, and Verrocchio all had the same idea of the power that David represented though they all had an obviously different vision of how that power was displayed. through with(predicate) youth, expression, and composition the artists all manage to capture the courage of David.In Donatellos figure of David there is a youthful, adolescent, and barely developed young boy. Donatello manages to combine classicism with realism by presenting a real image of an Italian peasant boy in the form of a classical nude. Instead of a Greek youth David is shown as a little boy with a lack of muscle. It must have been through intellect and courage that the young David defeated the mightily Goliath, whose head lie beside the feet of the conqueror. With his sword at rest on his side it almost seems too heavy for him to handle. David seems somewhat astonished as he looks raven upon his body and at the head of Goliath yet at the same time has a surprised confidence. Verrocch...

That Was Then This Is Now :: essays research papers

That Was Then This is NowThis book is about two greasers named Bryon and musical score. Mark whose parents died when he was a young age went to digest with Bryon. This book is in first person, and takes place behind the eyes of Bryon. The book first starts out by introducing the other characters in the novel Charlie, a mixologist who allows Mark and Bryon to come in to his bar, tho wont let them buy booze. M&M a small considerablehaired child who always seems to be munching on M&Ms, and he lends Bryon and Mark money all the time. After their rendezvous with M&M the boys visit their mother in the hospital, and while their Bryon meets Cathy who is M&Ms sister who just came back from medical school. After a conversation, Bryon invites Cathy to go on a date with him, and Cathy accepts. Soon Bryon talks Mark into double dating with him, then he proceeds to borrow Charlies car. The next darkness Angela, who is Bryons ex sends someone to attack him, and who ends up attacking Mark. Ma rk is direct to the hospitable, but recovers in a day or two. The story then resumes with Bryon continuing to date Cathy, and Mark seems to become more and more jealous. One night Mark, Bryon, Cathy, and M&M decide to drive up and down the Ribbon to get M&M cheered up because his dad was ridiculing him for his long hair. The Ribbon is a long stretch of road that teens hang out. While driving along M&M gets out and walks away with a group of other long haired children, but because you cant stop on the ribbon on a green light all they could do is watch him go away. For the next few days Cathy and Bryon are searching the Ribbon while Mark mysteriously brings in large sums of money to pay for his mothers hospitable bill. Bryon notices this, but never asked Mark where he is getting the money. The next day Mark says he might know where M&M is. Mark discloses a hippy hangout, and that is where Mark goes, but without Cathy. Bryon finds that M&M had been there, but was not around that day. The next day Bryon and Cathy go to the hangout and find M&M, and he was really bad.

Increase in Young Criminals :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Increase in Young Criminals Increased youth offensive activity rate is caused largely by absent fathers as a result of break made too easy. Consider this chilling forecast. When we pass the year 2000, we allow for see two groups of working age adults emerging. One group will bring in received psychological, social, economic, educational and moral benefits and the other group will own been denied them all. The first group will have grown up with a father present in the house and the second group will have not had a father present. The groups will be roughly equal in size. In order to be divorced in my parents era of the fifties, angiotensin-converting enzyme mate had to be proven adulterous. Legally, one party was deemed guilty and one was innocent. That finding affected each party financially and socially enough so that most couples tried hard not to divorce. In Canada the rate of divorce in 1951 was one out of twenty couples. In the late sixties, the sexual rotary motion bega n and couples rebelled against the constraints of marriage. Movie makers and journalists became rich extolling the virtues of free love and liberation. The addition of more grounds for divorce and the elimination of the need to appear in court made it easier for couples to split. instantly there are no fault divorces which further decrease the disgrace. By 1987 one out of two couples divorced. Since then, the annual divorce rate has dipped slightly. The stigma is almost gone. Books are written about doing your own divorce. One can obtain a low budget quickie divorce by skirt or fax to the Dominican Republic in about three mean solar days. There are divorce parties. Even the Royal Family discusses its divorce dilemmas on t.v. The divorce picture is not all rosy. According to sociologist Lenore Weitzman, divorced women get by on about 64% of the income they had during marriage. For their children, this translates into less money for school activities, clothes, opportunities for tr aveling and learning, day care and sometimes food. Children can be called on to do adult tasks before they are ready, like caring for younger siblings. Older children may be required to work long hours at a job to help bring money to the family. As a result, they may fall behind in their school work. After a while, the child may feel it is hopeless to try to keep up and decide to quit school.

What influences demand for housing? :: Economics

What influences demand for housing?There are many key factors that result affect the demand for housingsome of the easy hotshots to notice are population and price. Thesefactors effect divide of goods as the larger amount of people the moreconsumers there result be. With price a consumer will always wish to paythe lowest amount for a good. If the price gets to high then they willfind a substitute.Looking at population in more detail it isnt as simple as it wouldfirst appear. You could just say the populace will buy a house and themore public there is there is more demand for the good. This in turnwould allow housing companies to pull larger prices and so only therich can afford it. The problem is that people dont nurse to buy ahouse they can rent one or share one. As well as these factors theycan take out a loan to buy the house and pay it back everyplace a utmost oftime. Loan companies charge interest and when interest rates are lowmore people take out loans as they dont h ave to pay back such a largesum of money. With lots of loans companies coming up, it has becomevery easy for anyone to get loan whatever their background knowledge is like.Renting a house can be done in lots of ways. Some people make theircareer in it they buy lots of houses and rent them to people who areunable to buy a house. This is good for people who are only in thecountry for a short period of time, as you can charge them largeamounts because of the location of your house. Some people dont haveany money at all and are in a bad economic state and are given ahouse/flat by the council. They still have to pay money to live in thehouse but less(prenominal) than from private rent business. Private rentbusinesses are there to make a profit and will charge higher(prenominal) pricesand have better quality goods to match.When accounting at price it normally goes on a set pattern that as highprices means less demand and vis versa. The problem was this didnthappen and looking at figure 4.8. This is due to the low interestrates charged by loan companies mentioned above.When addressing others factors you need to look at the country and isit going through some sort of event. During a depression people arefind it hard to get a bloodline due to high unemployment. With this thedemand for new house with the public wouldnt become a luxury that

Arab-israeli Conflict Essay -- essays research papers fc

On November 29, 1947, the coupled Nations voted to divide the Middle Eastern land called paradise into devil independent nations, one Arab and one Jewish. On May 14, 1948, a new nation was born Israel. The Jews of Israel and the world celebrated with joy and gladness, because for over two thousand years, they had hoped to return to the land of their heritage. (Silverman, 1) However with Jews from all around the world returning to Israel, the Arabs residing in this land were forced into exile. The rebirth of Israel marked the beginning of conflict, violence, and public security treaties between the Arabs and the Jews of the Middle East.Tensions between Jews and Arabs have been present since biblical times in the Middle East. In 132 AD, when Israel was under Roman rule, the Jews revolted and fought for independence. In 135 AD the Romans crushed the Jewish revolt and expelled nearly all of the Jews of Israel. The Romans then renamed Israel- paradise, so as to remove any connection between the land and the Jewish people. (Tessler, 12) The Jews neer forgot their homeland, and prayed three times a day to return to Israel and to the holy city of Jerusalem. In the 7th century, a new religion, Islam, arose in the Middle East. The Muslim Arabs conquered paradise from the Byzantines and began to settle the land. They built the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aksa mosque in Jerusalem, where they believed Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven to receive parts of the Quran. (Goldschmidt, 46) During the early 1500s, Palestine was captured and put under Turkish rule. During the introductory World War, the Turkish government placed severe restrictions on Jewish daily life, because the Turks believed that the Jews were plotting with their enemies. In December of 1917, the British army under the command of familiar Edmund Allenby defeated the Turks and captured Palestine. Four hundred years of Turkish rule had ended. Just six weeks before the annex of Turkey and Palestine, t he Jews had learned of a British memorial called the Balfour Declaration. It was one of the most important documents ever written concerning the Holy Land. It announced that the British government favored the establishment in Palestine of a bailiwick home for the Jewish people and would do all it could to make it happen. Meanwhile throughout the world, but especially in Europe, Jews were persecuted and murdered. In the ... ...b-Israeli conflict. Both sides feel that Israel/Palestine belongs to them. Since the United Nations partition of Palestine in 1947 and the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948, there have been four major Arab-Israeli wars (1947-49, 1956, 1967, and 1973) and numerous intermittent battles. (Goldschmidt, 280) The Arabs lull thirst for revenge, which is denied as the Israelis prevail once again. These issues still rage today and have fueled many armed conflicts between the two developing nations.whole kit and boodle CITEDBenvenisti, Meron. INTIMA TE ENEMIES. Jews and Arabs in a Shared Land. United States of America University Of California Press, 1995.Cozic, Charles, P. ISRAEL Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1994.Goldschmidt, Arthur, Jr. A concise History of the MIDDLE EAST. United States of America Westview Press, 1999.Hiro, Dilip. Sharing The Promised Land A Tale of Israelis and Palestinians. Canada Olive Branch Press, 1999.Silverman, Maida. ISRAEL The Founding Of A Modern Nation. New York, NY Dial Books of Young Readers, 1998. Tessler, Mark. A accounting of the ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. United States of America Indiana University Press, 1994.

The Odyssey :: essays research papers fc

Homers poem The Odyssey depicts the tendency of people to ignore the consequences of their actions. Odysseus punished genus Penelopes suitors without persuasion of consequences that he would have to endure. He did not acknowledge the consequences because that would prevent him from doing what he wants to do. Odysseus wanted to kill the suitors they ate away at his fortune. Finding consequences for murdering the suitors would force Odysseus to introduce what he is about to do is not a good idea. Odysseus chose to ignore the consequences and killed the suitors anyway. Odysseus had absolutely no reason to kill the suitors they had the right to stay in his crustal plate because Penelope made them feel welcome, Penelope and Telemachus both told them that Odysseus was dead, and although Telemachus told them to leave, he did not have the right to do so.Throughout the poem, Penelope encourages the suitors to stay in her kin by making them believe they are welcome. With Odysseus gone Pen elope chooses whom she hosts in the great palace. Penelope does hate the suitors but she never once tells them to leave. She even makes the suitors think that she would be choosing her new husband soon and in this way she makes them feel welcome in her home. Antinous, a suitor, responds to accusations Telemachus made to the suitors at an assembly. Its not the suitors here(predicate) who deserve the blame,Its your own dear mother Penelope, the matchless queen of cunning.Look here. For three years now, getting on to four,shes played it close and loose with all our hearts,building each mans hopes-dangling promises, dropping hints to each-but all the while with something else in mind. (2.94-100)Penelope makes each individualist suitor feel special and makes him believe that she would pick him as her new husband. This action implies not only that she allowed the suitors to remain in her household, but more importantly that she wanted the suitors to stay. Therefore, Penelopes speech a nd actions toward the suitors justified their remaining in the home.Statements made by Telemachus and Penelope about Odysseus whereabouts leads the suitors to believe that he is deceased and, therefore, that Penelope is single and ready to judicature once again. When a woman is widowed, she begins trying to find a new husband and single men come to court the woman. Since Penelope and Telemachus tell the suitors that Odysseus is dead, the suitors have the right to stay and court Penelope.

Benefits of Jumma Prayer

Hadhrat Ali Ibn Abu Taalib (RA) narrated on the pulpit in the mosque of Kufah When Fri twenty-four hours comes, the devils go to the markets with their flags, and involve people in their needsand prevent them from the Friday prayer. The angels come early in the morning, sit at the door of the mosque, and record that so-and-so came at the first instant, and so-and-so came at the second hour until the imam comes out (for preaching). When a man sits in a place where he can listen (to the sermon) and look (at the imam), where he remains silent and does not interrupt, he lead receive a double reward.If he stays away, sits in a place where he cannot listen (to the sermon), silent, and does not interrupt, he will receive the reward only once. If he sits in a place where he can listen (to the sermon) and look (at the imam), and he does not remain silent, he will have the burden of it. If any maven says to his companion sitting besides him to be silent (while the imam is preaching), he is g uilty of idle talk. Any one(a) who interrupts (during the sermon) will receive cryptograph (no reward) on that Friday. Then he (the narrator) says in the end of this tradition I heard the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) say so. Abu Dawood 1046) 1. Jummah preparations should begin on Thursday such(prenominal) as clipping the nails, removing of the hair etc (Ihya aul-Uloom, vol. 1, page 161) 2. To have a bath (Ghusl) (Bukhari, Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah) On one Friday, Rasulallah said O Muslims Allah Taala has made this day a day of Eid. So have a bath on this day, whoever has perfume should apply it, and use the Miswaak. (Ibn Majah) 3. To use Miswaak (Ibid) 4. To use Attar (Perfume) (Ibid) 5. To wear nice clothes (Abu Dawood, Chapter of Ghusl on the day of Jummah) 6. To proceed early as possible to the Masjid for JummahRasulallah (Pbuh) said On the day of Jummah, the angels stand at the entrance of that Masjid in which Jummah salaat is to be offered. They write down the name of the p erson who enters the Masjid first, and thereafter the name of the person who follows, and they continue doing this. The person who entered first will receive the reward of sacrificing a camel in the path of Allah the one who followed him will get the reward of sacrificing a cow, thereafter a chicken, thereafter the reward of giving an egg as philanthropy in the path of Allah.Once the khutbah commences, the angels close the register and begin listening to the khutbah. (Bukhari and Muslim) 7. To walk to the Masjid if possible for every step is a reward of a old age Nafl Fast (Tirmidhi) 8. One should listen very attentively to the khutba even if one does not understand. One should not speak or even warn another(prenominal) to keep quite while the khutba is in progress. 9. To try to sit as close as possible to the Imaam. (Ibn Majah, Tirmidhi) 10. If the Saffs (rows) are already filled, one should not get across over the shoulders of the musallies in order to get to the front. Abu Da wood) 11. One should not fiddle with clothes or fingers but listen attentively (Ibn Majah) 12. When Rasulallah (Pbuh) name is mentioned in the khutba indeed it is permissible to recite durood in the heart only without the movement of the lips or tongue. 13. Between the dickens khutbas one should make dua. It is permissible to make dua without face lifting hands or moving the lips (I. e. dua should be made in the heart only without the movement of the lips or the tongue) (Aadaab -E Zindagee) 14. To read Surah Al Aala (Sura no 87) in the first rakaat of Jummah Salah nd Surah Gaathia (Surah no 88) in the second rakaat. (Bukhari) 15. Related by Hakim and Bayhaqi, from Abu Said Whoever recites Surat al-Kahf on Friday, light shall shine forth for him between the two Fridays. (Ibn Hajar, Talkhis al- Habir) 16. Rasulallah (Pbuh) is reported to have said, Recite Durood upon me in abundance on the day of Jummah since they are presented to me. (Ibn Majah) 17 . Making abundant dua on Jumm ah Rasulallah (Pbuh) said There is such an hour on Friday that if any Muslim makes dua in it, his dua will definitely be accepted. (Bukhari, Muslim) 18 .Reciting Durood 80 times after Asr According to a hadith recorded in Tabarani on the authority of Abdullah Ibn Abbas (RA) Abu Hurraira (RA) reports that the Holy Prophet (Pbuh) said Whoever recites the following Durood eighty times immediately after Asr Salaat on Friday, to begin with standing up from his place, Allah will forgive eighty years of sins and allot him the reward equivalent to eighty years of worship. Allahumma salli alaa muhammadinin nabiyyil ummiyyi wa-ala aalihi wasallim tasleema O Allah bless Muhammad, the unlettered Prophet, and his family and grant them best of peace. Jame Sagheer) 19. Abu Hurraira narrated that the messenger of Allah (Pbuh) said The five daily prayers, and from one Jummah to the next, are an expiation for whatever sins come in between, so long as one does not commit any major sin. (Muslim, 233) 20. It was narrated from Abu Hurraira that the Prophet (Pbuh) said Whoever does Ghusl then comes to Jummah, and prays as much as Allah decrees for him, then listens attentively until the khutbah is over, then prays with him (the imam), will be forgiven for (his sins) between that and the next Jummah and three much days. Muslim, 857) Al-Nawawi (Ra) said The scholars said that what is meant by his being forgiven between the two Jummah and three more days is that a safe(p) deed is worth ten like it, so he will be rewarded with ten rewards for each of the good deeds that he did on Friday. many of our companions said What is meant by what is between the two Jummah is from Jummah prayer and the khutbah until the same time on the following Friday, so that it will be seven days, no more and no less, then three days are added making ten in all. 21. Coming early to Jummah brings a great reward.Abu Hurraira (Ra) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (Pbuh) said Whoever does Ghusl on Fri day like Ghusl for janaabah, then goes to the prayer (in the first hour, i. e. , early), it is as if he sacrificed a camel. Whoever goes in the second hour, it is as if he sacrificed a cow whoever goes in the three hour, it is as if he sacrificed a horned ram whoever goes in the fourth hour, it is as if he sacrificed a hen and whoever goes in the fifth hour it is as if he offered an egg. When the imam comes out, the angels come to listen to the khutbah. (Bukhari, 814 and Muslim, 850) 2. If a person walks to Jummah prayer, for every step he will have the reward of fasting and praying qiyaam for one year. It was narrated from Aws ibn Aws al-Thaqafi that the Messenger of Allah (Pbuh) said Whoever does Ghusl on Friday and causes (his wife) to do Ghusl, and sets out early, and comes close to the imam and listens and keeps quiet, for every step he takes he will have the reward of fasting and praying qiyaam for one year. (al-Tirmidhi, 496) Ibn al-Qayyim (Ra) said in Zaad al-Maaaad, 1/28 5 Finally after quoting the hadith which speak of the virtues of Jummah prayerWhat we have quoted, when taken all together, indicates that the expiation of sins from one Friday to the next is idea to all the conditions mentioned above being met, namely doing Ghusl, cleaning oneself, putting on perfume, wearing ones best clothes, walking in a calm and dignified manner, not stepping over people, not pushing between two people, not offending others, praying nafil prayers, listening attentively and avoiding idle speech. May Allah give us the ability to stage upon all of these virtuous deeds and Sunnah of Rasulallah (Pbuh). Ameen

Imported Medicines: A Strategic Shift in Human Thinking Essay

Internet and online businesses gradu all(prenominal)y change our lives. What used to be impossible two years ago now has turned into a matter of daily performance. With Internet, we atomic number 18 no longer limited in our activities and can broaden the scope of all major operations that have previously been unachievable. Healthcare and medicines are non exceptions, and where Internet works to provide us with additional opportunities for communication, we have finally been precondition a outlook to reconsider the costs of all healthcare services and medical preparations.Online medical markets have produced an irreversible change in the structure of healthcare services and human mentation. With the advent of the new technological age and the ripening globalization, customers have become more attentive to what they buy and how much they pay for it. trade medicines purchased online offer a competitive alternative to brand-name drugs. Simultaneously, imported drugs are not alwa ys licensed and whitethorn create serious health risks.In this situation, the demesne should actively work to impose severe price restrictions on the major brand-name drugs and to develop stiff monitoring systems with regard to the imported drugs that are interchange online, to secure that customers are given a viable choice and are not limited in their irritate to quality healthcare services and medical preparations.True, the growing customer commitment to imported medicines is the result of the national pharmaceutic markets being largely non-regulated. Americans typically pay the highest prices for brand-name drugs because, unlike Canada and m some(prenominal) another(prenominal) countries, the United States does not impose price controls on pharmaceutical companies (Colliver). The growing number of online pharmacies reflects the misbalanced nature of the price strategies, to which present day pharmaceutical companies adhere. Despite the fact that brand-name drugs are sold w ith significant discounts, the majority of healthcare insurance plans does not stretch out them and does not make them affordable for consumers.The current economic crisis makes Americans more attentive toward their expenditures, and online pharmaceuticals offer an splendiferous opportunity to obtain the needed list of medical preparations for a much lower price. If the government doesnt get its act together, and with 47 million who are uninsured, there is a marketplace for alternative supply of some of these drugs (Colliver). It appears that in the current system of healthcare services customers are not given any relevant choice.With the absence of price restrictions, pharmaceutical companies feel free to establish prices as high as they deem necessary, making customers seek effective alternatives elsewhere. That is why imported drugs as such, and online imported drugs in particular have caused a strategic shift in human thinking, giving people a chance to resolve their health is sues at a lower cost. With the growing number of Internet users and given the cost-effectiveness of imported drugs, customers are no longer willing to junction to traditional purchasing practices and choose a technological way of resolving their health issues.More and more people realize the benefits of online pharmaceutical marketing. many another(prenominal) of them delight in the freedom of choice and convenience they are offered by online pharmaceuticals. More Americans appear willing to take a calculated risk in the absence of prescription drug drug coverage (Colliver). In other words, when health and life are at stake, customer will not think twice before rules of order an affordable imported medical preparation from online suppliers.For many of them, imported medicals offer the most attractive and acceptable option that is why online companies gradually grow to cover larger shares of online markets even without any specific advertising. Unfortunately, ordering imported dr ugs online is not always safe. Despite the fact that technology has forever changed the direction of human thinking and has made the process of purchasing imported drugs fast and convenient, imported drugs are associated with substantial risks. Customers cannot always be confident that they buy an trustworthy drug from an authentic foreign manufacturer.Some Web sites hawk controlled substances without a prescription or falsely purport to get drugs from a Canadian pharmacy or other more trustworthy source. While operators try to separate themselves from such operations, its tough to tell the difference (Colliver). Even if the government imposes strict limitations on pharmaceutical prices, the shift that has already occurred in customer attitudes will require time to be reversed. The problem is not in imported drugs given the growing globalization trends, imported drugs will keep get hold ofing larger shares of pharmaceutical markets.The problem is that for customers to purchase imp orted products is a matter of no other choice. Many of them are no longer willing to return to conventional medical practices. As a result, and taking into account that online businesses will further work to conquer the minds and spirits of the American customers, the state should develop effective monitoring systems that will impose price restrictions and will control imported drugs sold online, to provide customers with a reasonable choice and to give them another chance for recovery. ConclusionImported drugs and Internet have produced an irreversible change in customer attitudes toward healthcare. Beyond broader access to imported medical products, customers are given an opportunity to reduce their costs and to purchase medical products in fast and convenient manner. Given the threats which imported non-licensed products may produce on human health, and taking into account the growing customer commitment to purchasing imported medicines online, it is the states responsibility to develop effective regulatory and monitoring strategies that will not limit customer choice but will guarantee safety of all imported medical products.

Additional Solved Sums, Financial Management, Prassanna Chandra

CHAPTER 2 1. As a rule of thumb, real straddles of liaison are calculated by subtracting the inflation regularise from the nominal arrange. What is the error from using this rule of thumb for calculating real pass judgments of return in the succeeding(a) cases? Nominal rate (%)7121822 Inflation rate (%)4 6 810 antecedent pic 2. As a rule of thumb, real rates of please are calculated by subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal rate. What is the error from using this rule of thumb for calculating real rates of return in the following cases? Nominal rate (%)481119 Inflation rate (%)13 2 4 event pic CHAPTER 3 1.At the end of display, 20X6 the remainders in the various accounts of Dhoni & order are as follows Rs. in million Accounts proportionateness rightfulness crownwork cxx Preference capital 30 icy assets (net) 217 Reserves and surfeit 200 notes and swear 35 Debentures (secured) deoxycytidine monophosphate Marketable securities 18 Term loans (secured) 90 R eceivables 200 short argot acquire (unsecured) 70 Inventories210 Trade creditors 60 Provisions 20 Pre- compensable expenses 10 Required jell the balance rag week of Dhoni & Company as per the format specified by the Companies Act. ascendent correspondence Sheet of Dhoni & Company As on March 31, 20 X 6 Liabilities Assets office capital Fixed assets truth 120 top restore assets 217 Preference 30 Reserve & surplus 200 Investments Marketable securities 18 Secured loans topical assets, loans & advances Debentures degree centigrade Term loans 90 Pre- paid expenses 10 Unsecured loans Inventories 210 Short term ank get 70 Receivables 200 new liabilities & provisions coin & curse 35 Trade creditors 60 Provisions 20 690 690 2. At the end of March, 20X7 the balances in the various accounts of Sania Limited are as follows Rs. in million Accounts end Equity capital 250 Preference capital 80 Fixed assets (net)380 Reserves and sur plus350 notes and fix100 Debentures (secured)190 Marketable securities 30 Term loans (secured)120 Receivables420 short-run bank borrowing (unsecured) cx Inventories310 Trade creditors 90 Provisions 70 Pre-paid expenses 20 Required Prepare the balance sheet of Sania Limited as per the format specified by the Companies Act. Solution Balance Sheet of Sania Limited as on March 31, 20 X 7 Liabilities Assets Share capital Fixed assets Equity 250 sack rooted(p) assets 380 Preference 80 Reserve & surplus 350 Investments Marketable securities 30 Secured loans genuine assets, loans & advances Debentures 190 Term loans 120 Pre-paid expenses 20 Unsecured loans Inventories 310 Short term bank borrowing 110 Receivables 420 menstruum liabilities & provisions Cash & Bank 100 Trade creditors 90 Provisions 70 1260 1260 3. The comparative degree balance sheets of half-evergreen Company are abandoned below (Rs. in million) Owners Equity and Liabilities As on 31. 3. 20X6 As on 31. 3. 20X7 Share capital 70 70 Reserves and surplus 40 80 Long-term debt 80 90 Short-term bank borrowings 80 85 Trade creditors 40 70 Provisions 10 20 nub320415 Assets Fixed assets (net)120210 Inventories 90 95 Debtors 60 65 Cash 25 30 Other assets 25 15 resume320415 The acquire and expiry account of Evergreen Company for the year ending 31st March 2007 is attached below (Rs. in million) benefit & dismissal Account for the Period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 scratch gross gross sales750 Cost of goods interchange 505 Stocks290 Wages and salaries105 Other manufacturing expenses110 245 porcine advantage in ope balancen(p) expenses135 Selling, administ symmetryn and general120 wear and tear 15 operating(a) improvement110 Non-operating surplus or deficit(20) EBIT 90 arouse 25 meshwork out front measure revenue 65 Tax 15 improvement after tax 50 Dividends 10 well-kept stipend 40 Required (a) Prepare the classified change die har d statement for the stopover 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 b) Develop the cash in hand flow identity for the period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 Solution A. Cash flow from operating activities - crystallize shekels before tax and extraordinary items 85 - Adjustments for raise paid 25 Depreciation 15 - operate gain ground before working capital changes one hundred twenty-five - Adjustments for Inventories (5) Debtors (5) Trade creditors 30 Provisions 10 Increase in other assets 10 - Cash generated rom ope balancens 165 Income tax paid (15) - Cash flow before extraordinary items cl Extraordinary item (20) - Net cash flow from operating activities 130 B. Cash flow from expend activities - Purchase of fixed assets (105) - Net cash flow from investing activities (105) C. Cash flow from financing activities - Increase in loans 15 - Dividends paid (10) - elicit paid (25) Net cash flow from f inancing activities (20) D. Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 5 - Cash and cash equivalents as on 31. 03. 0X6 25 - Cash and cash equivalents as on 31. 03. 207 30 NoteIt has been growd that other assets represent other on-line(prenominal) assets. (b) A. Cash flow from assets -Operating cash flow90 -Net capital spending (105) -Decrease in net working capital35 -Cash flow from assets20 B. Cash flow to creditors - invade paid25 -Repayment of long term debt (15) -Cash flow to creditors10 C. Cash flow to shareholders -Dividends paid10 -Net new equity raised 0 -Cash flow to shareholders10 We find that (A)=(B) + ( C) i. e. Cash flow from assets=Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to shareholders 4. The comparative balance sheets of Xavier Limited are accustomed below (Rs. in million) Owners Equity and Liabilities As on 31. 3. 20X6 As on 31. 3. 20X7 Share capital 20 30 Reserves and surplus 10 18 Long-term debt 30 25 Short-term bank borrowings 15 15 Trade creditors 10 15 Provisions 5 8 integrality 90 111 Assets Fixed assets (net) 16 20 Inventories 44 55 Debtors 20 21 Cash 5 8 Other assets 5 7 Total 90 111 The realize and handout account of Xavier Limited for the year 2007 is given below (Rs. in million) Profit & Loss Account for the Period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 Net sales220Cost of goods change 140 Stocks 90 Wages and salaries 35 Other manufacturing expenses 15 80 plebeian profit Operating expenses 40 Selling, administ proportionalityn and general 20 Depreciation 5 Operating profit 15 Non-operating surplus or deficit 1 EBIT 16 kindle 4 Profit before tax 12 Tax 2 Profit after tax 10 Dividends 2 maintained earnings 8 Required (a) Prepare the classified cash flow statement for the period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 b) Develop the cash flow identity for the period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 Solution A. Cash flow from operating activities - Net profit before tax and extraordinary items 11 - Adjustments for evoke paid 4 De preciation 5 - Operating profit before working capital changes 20 Adjustments for - Inventories (11) Debtors (1) Trade creditors 5 Provisions 3 Increase in other assets (2) - Cash generated from ope rations 14 Income tax paid (2) - Cash flow before extraordinary items 12 Extraordinary item 1 - Net cash flow from operating activities 13 B. Cash flow from investing activities - Purchase of fixed assets (9) - Net cash flow from investing activities (9) C. Cash flow from financing activities 10 - Increase in equity - Repayment of term loans (5) -Dividend paid (2) - Interest paid (4) Net cash flow from financing activities (1) D. Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 3 - Cash and cash equivalents as on 31. 03. 20X6 5 - Cash and cash equivalents as on 31. 03. 207 8 NoteIt has been assumed that other assets represent other current assets. (b) ACash flow from as sets -Operating cash flow19 -Net capital spending(9) -Decrease in net working capital(9) Cash flow from assets 1 B. Cash flow to creditors -Interest paid 4 -Repayment of long term debt 5 -Cash flow to creditors 9 C. Cash flow to shareholders -Dividends paid 2 -Net new equity raised(10) -Cash flow to shareholders (8) We find that (A)=(B) + ( C) i. e. , Cash flow from assets=Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to shareholders CHAPTER 4 1. post-mortem Companys net profit margin is 8 percent, gibe assets disorder ratio is 2. 5 times, debt to total assets ratio is 0. 6. What is the return on equity for Premier? Solution Net profit Return on equity = Equity = Net profit Net sales Total assets x xNet sales Total assets Equity 1 = 0. 08 x 2. 5 x = 0. 5 or 50 per cent 0. 4 Debt Equity Note = 0. 6 So = 1- 0. 6 = 0. 4 Total assets Total assets Hence Total assets/Equity = 1/0. 4 2. The following information is given for Alpha Corporation gross sales3500 Current ratio1. 5 Acid outpouring ra tio1. 2 Current liabilities1000 What is the inventory perturbation ratio? Solution Current assets = Current liabilities x 1. 5 = 1000 x 1. 5 = 1500 Quick assets= Current liabilities x 1. 2 = 1000 x 1. 2 = 1200Inventories= 300 3500 roll turnover ratio == 11. 7 300 3. The following information is given for Beta Corporation. Sales5000 Current ratio1. 4 size up turnover5 ratio Acid test ratio1. 0 What is the level of current liabilities? Solution 4. Safari Inc. has profit before tax of Rs. 90 million. If the companys times pursuit covered ratio is 4, what is the total interest iron boot? Solution PBT= Rs. 90 million PBIT clock interest covered = = 4 Interest So PBIT = 4 x Interest PBT = PBIT interest = 4x interest- interest = 3 x interest = 90 million and so interest = 90/3 = Rs. 30 million 5. A has profit before tax of Rs. 0 million. If its times interest covered ratio is 6, what is the total interest charge? Solution PBT= Rs. 40 million PBIT Times interest covered = = 6 Intere st So PBIT = 6 x Interest PBIT Interest = PBT = Rs. 40 million 6 x Interest Interest = Rs. 40 million 5 x Interest = Rs. 40 million Hence Interest = Rs. 8 million 6. McGill Inc. has profit before tax of Rs. 63 million. If the companys times interest covered ratio is 8, what is the total interest charge? Solution PBT= Rs. 63 million PBIT Times interest covered = = 8 Interest So PBIT = 8 x Interest PBIT Interest = PBT = Rs. 63 million x Interest Interest = 7 x Interest = Rs. 63 million Hence Interest = Rs. 9 million 7. The following entropy applies to a firm Interest chargesRs. 200,000 SalesRs. 6,000,000 Tax rate40 percent Net profit margin5 percent What is the firms times interest covered ratio? Solution Sales = Rs. 6,000,000 Net profit margin = 5 per cent Net profit = Rs. 6,000,000 x 0. 05 = 300,000 Tax rate = 40 per cent 300,000 So, Profit before tax = = Rs. 500,000 (1-. 4) Interest charge = Rs. 200,000 So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs. 700,000 Hence 700,000 Times in terest covered ratio = = 3. 5 200,000 8.The following data applies to a firm Interest chargesRs. 50,000 SalesRs. 300,000 Tax rate 25 percent Net profit margin 3 percent What is the firms times interest covered ratio? Solution Sales = Rs. 300,000 Net profit margin = 3 per cent Net profit = Rs. 300,000 x 0. 03 = 9,000 Tax rate = 25 per cent 9,000 So, Profit before tax = = Rs. 12,000 (1-. 25) Interest charge = Rs. 50,000 So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs. 62,000 Hence 62,000 Times interest covered ratio == 1. 24 50,000 9. The following data applies to a firm Interest chargesRs. 10,000,000 SalesRs. 80,000,000 Tax rate 50 percentNet profit margin 10 percent What is the firms times interest covered ratio? Solution Sales = Rs. 80,000,000 Net profit margin = 10 per cent Net profit = Rs. 80,000,000 x 0. 1 = 8,000,000 Tax rate = 50 per cent 8,000,000 So, Profit before tax = = Rs. 16,000,000 (1-. 5) Interest charge = Rs. 10,000,000 So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs. 26,000,000 H ence 26,000,000 Times interest covered ratio == 2. 6 10,000,000 10. A firms current assets and current liabilities are 25,000 and 18,000 respectively. How practically special funds can it borrow from banks for short term, without reducing the current ratio below 1. 5? Solution CA = 25,000CL = 18,000 permit BB stand for bank borrowing CA+BB = 1. 35 CL+BB 25,000+BB = 1. 35 18,000+BB 1. 35x 18,000 + 1. 35 BB = 25,000 + BB 0. 35BB = 25,000- 24,300 = 700 BB = 700/0. 35 = 2,000 11. LNGs current assets and current liabilities are 200,000 and 140,000 respectively. How much additional funds can it borrow from banks for short term, without reducing the current ratio below 1. 33? Solution CA = 200,000CL = 140,000 permit BB stand for bank borrowing CA+BB = 1. 33 CL+BB 200,000+BB = 1. 33 140,000+BB 1. 33 x 140,000 + 1. 33BB = 200,000 + BB 0. 33 BB = 200,000- 186,200 = 13,800 BB =13,800/0. 33 = 41,818 12.Navneets current assets and current liabilities are 10,000,000 and 7,000,000 respectively . How much additional funds can it borrow from banks for short term, without reducing the current ratio below 1. 4? Solution CA = 10,000,000CL = 7,000,,000 Let BB stand for bank borrowing CA+BB = 1. 4 CL+BB 10,000,000+BB = 1. 4 7,000,000+BB 1. 4 x 7,000,000 + 1. 4BB = 10,000,000 + BB 0. 4 BB = 10,000,000- 9,800,000 = 200,000 BB = 200,000/0. 40 = 500,000 13. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 25,000,000 and accounts due of 8,000,000. How speedily (in how many days) essential accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the accounts receivable to 6,000,000? Solution 25,000,000Average daily credit sales = = 68,493 365 If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 6,000,000 the ACP must be 6,000,000 = 87. 6 days 68,493 14. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 1,200,000 and accounts receivable of 500,000. How rapidly (in how many days) must accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the accounts receivable to 300,000? Soluti on 1,200,000 Average daily credit sales = = 3287. 67 365 If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 300,000 the ACP must be 300,000 = 91. 3 days 3287. 67 15. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 100,000,000 and accounts receivable of 20,000,000.How rapidly (in how many days) must accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the accounts receivable to 15,000,000? Solution 100,000,000 Average daily credit sales = = 273,972. 6 365 If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 15,000,000 the ACP must be 15,000,000 = 54. 8 days 273,972. 6 16. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows. Current ratio = 1. 25 Acid-test ratio = 1. 10 Current liabilities=2000 Inventory turnover ratio=10 What is the sales of the firm? Solution Current assets = Current liabilities x Current ratio = 2000 x 1. 25 = 2500 Current assets Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio 2000 x 1. 10 = 2200 Inventories = 300 Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio = 300 x 10 = 3000 17. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows. Current ratio = 1. 33 Acid-test ratio = 0. 80 Current liabilities=40,000 Inventory turnover ratio=6 What is the sales of the firm? Solution Current assets = Current liabilities x Current ratio = 40,000 x 1. 33 = 53,200 Current assets Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio = 40,000 x 0. 80 = 32,000 Inventories = 21,200Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio = 21,200 x 6 = 127,200 18. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows. Current ratio = 1. 6 Acid-test ratio = 1. 2 Current liabilities=2,000,000 Inventory turnover ratio=5 What is the sales of the firm? Solution Current assets = Current liabilities x Current ratio = 2,000,000 x 1. 6 = 3,200,000 Current assets Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio = 2,000,000 x 1. 2 = 2,400,000 Inventories = 800,000 Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio = 800,000 x 5 = 4,000,000 19.Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the bl anks) using the following financial data Debt/equity ratio= 0. 80 Acid-test ratio= 1. 1 Total assets turnover ratio= 2 Days sales outstanding in Accounts receivable= 30 days Gross profit margin= 30 percent Inventory turnover ratio = 6 Balance sheet Equity capital 80,000Plant and equipment. . . . Retained earnings 50,000Inventories. . . . Short-term bank borrowings . . . . Accounts receivable. . . . Cash. . . . . . . .. . . . Sales. . . . Cost of goods change .. Solution Debt/equity = 0. 80 Equity = 80,000 + 50,000 = 130,000 So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings = 0. x 130,000 = 104,000 Hence Total assets = 130,000+104,000 = 234,000 Total assets turnover ratio = 2 So Sales = 2 x 234,000 = 468,000 Gross profit margin = 30 per cent So Cost of goods interchange = 0. 7 x 468,000 = 327,600 Days sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 30 days Sales So Accounts receivable = x 30 360 468,000 = x 30 = 39,000 360 Cost of goods sold 327,600 Inventory turnover ratio === 6 Inventory Inventory So Inventory = 54,600 As short bank borrowing is a current liability, Cash + Accounts receivable Acid-test ratio = Current liabilities Cash + 39,000 = = 1. 1 104 ,000 So Cash = 75,400Plant and equipment = Total assets Inventories Accounts receivable Cash = 234,000 54,600 39,000 75,400 = 65,000 Putting together everything we get Balance Sheet Equity capital 80,000Plant & equipment65,000 Retained earnings50,000Inventories54,600 Short-term bank borrowings 104,000Accounts receivable39,000 Cash75,400 234,000 234,000 Sales 468,000 Cost of goods sold327,600 20. Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks) using the following financial data Debt/equity ratio= 0. 40 Acid-test ratio= 0. 9 Total assets turnover ratio= 2. 5 Days sales outstanding in Accounts receivable= 25 daysGross profit margin= 25 percent Inventory turnover ratio = 8 Balance sheet Equity capital 160,000,000Plant and equipmentRetained earnings 30,000,000Inventories Short-term bank borrowings . . . Accounts receivable .. . . . Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales . . Cost of goods sold . Solution Debt/equity = 0. 40 Equity = 160,000,000 + 30,000,000 = 190,000,000 So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings = 0. 4 x 190,000,000 = 76,000,000 Hence Total assets = 190,000,000+ 76,000,000 = 266,000,000 Total assets turnover ratio = 2. 5 So Sales = 2. 5 x 266,000,000 = 665,000,000Gross profit margin = 25 per cent So Cost of goods sold = 0. 75 x 665,000,000 = 498,750,000 Days sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 25 days Sales So Accounts receivable = x 25 360 665,000,000 = x 25 = 46,one hundred eighty,556 360 Cost of goods sold 498,750,000 Inventory turnover ratio == = 8 Inventory Inventory So Inventory = 62,343,750 As short-term bank borrowings is a current liability, Cash + Accounts receivable Acid-test ratio = Current liability Cash + 46,180,556 = = 0. 9 76,000 ,000 So Cash = 22,219,444 Plant and equipment = Total assets Inventories Accounts receivable Cash 266,000,000 62,343,750 46,180,556 22,219,444 = 135,256,250 Putting together everything we get Balance Sheet Equity capital 160,000,000Plant & equipment 135,256,250 Retained earnings 30,000,000Inventories62,343,750 Short-term bank borrowings 76,000,000Accounts receivable46,180,556 Cash22,219,444 266,000,000 266,000,000 Sales 665,000,000 Cost of goods sold 498,750,000 21. Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks) using the following financial data Debt/equity ratio= 1. 5 Acid-test ratio= 0. 3 Total assets turnover ratio= 1. 9 Days sales outstanding inAccounts receivable= 25 days Gross profit margin= 28 percent Inventory turnover ratio = 7 Balance sheet Equity capital 600,000Plant and equipment. . . . Retained earnings 100,000Inventories. . . . Short-term bank borrowings . . . Accounts receivable. . . . Cash. . . . . . . .. . . . Sales. . . .. Cost of goods sold Solution Debt/equity = 1. 5 Equity = 600,000 + 100,000 = 700,000 So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings =1. 5 x 700,000 = 1050 ,000 Hence Total assets = 700,000+1050,000 = 1,750,000 Total assets turnover ratio = 1. 9 So Sales = 1. 9 x 1,750,000 = 3,325,000 Gross profit margin = 28 per cent So Cost of goods sold = 0. 2 x 3,325,000 = 2,394,000 Days sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 25 days Sales So Accounts receivable = x 25 360 3,325,000 = x 25 = 230,903 360 Cost of goods sold 2,394,000 Inventory turnover ratio === 7 Inventory Inventory So Inventory = 342,000 As short-term bank borrowings is a current liability , Cash + Accounts receivable Acid-test ratio = Current liabilities Cash + 230,903 = = 0. 3 1050 ,000 So Cash = 84,097 Plant and equipment = Total assets Inventories Accounts receivable Cash = 1,750,000 342,000 230,903 84,097 = 1,093,000 Putting together everything we get Balance SheetEquity capital 600,000Plant &equipment 1,093,000 Retained earnings100,000Inventories 342,000 Short-term bank borrowings 1050,000Accounts receivable 230,903 Cash 84,097 1,750,000 1,750,000 Sales 3,325,000 Co st of goods sold2,394,000 22. Compute the financial ratios for lift Ltd. Evaluate Acmes performance with reference to the standards. Acme Limited Balance Sheet, March 31, 20X7 Liabilities and Equity Equity capital Rs. 60,000,000 Reserves and surplus45,000,000 Long-term debt72,000,000 Short-term bank borrowing40,000,000 Trade creditors30,000,000 Provisions15,000,000 Total 62,000,000 AssetsFixed assets (net) Rs. 110,000,000 Current assets Cash and bank 30,000,000 Receivables45,000,000 Inventories 61,000,000 Pre-paid expenses 10,000,000 Others 6,000,000 Total 262,000,000 Acme Limited Profit and Loss Account for the Year Ended March 31, 20X7 Net sales Rs. 320,000,000 Cost of goods sold 204,000,000 Gross profit 116,000,000 Operating expenses 50,000,000 Operating profit 66,000,000 Non-operating surplus 4,000,000 Profit before interest and tax 70,000,000 Interest 12,000,000 Profit before tax 58,000,000 Tax 20,000,000 Profit after tax 38,000,000Dividends 4,000,000 Retained earnings 34,000 ,000 AcmeStandard Current ratio 1. 3 Acid-test ratio 0. 70 Debt-equity ratio 2. 0 Times interest covered ratio 4. 5 Inventory turnover ratio 5. 0 Average collection period 45 days Total assets turnover ratio 1. 5 Net profit margin ratio 8 % Earning power 20 % Return on equity 18 % Solution For purposes of ratio analysis, we may recast the balance sheet as under. Let assume that Others in the balance sheet represents other current assets. Liabilities and Equity Equity capital . 60,000,000 Reserves and surplus45,000,000 Long-term debt72,000,000 Short-term bank borrowing40,000,000Total 217,000,000 Fixed assets (net) 110,000,000 Current assets Cash and bank30,000,000 Receivables45,000,000 Inventories61,000,000 Pre-paid expenses10,000,000 Others 6,000,000 152,000,000 Less Current liabilities Trade creditors30,000,000 Provisions15,000,000 45,000,000 Net current assets 107,000,000 Total 217,000,000 Current assets (i) Current ratio = Current liabilities 152,000,000 == 1. 8 85,000,000 (Curre nt liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also) Current assets Inventories 91,000,000 (ii) Acid-test ratio = == 1. 1 Current liabilities 85,000,000 Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also) Long-term debt + Short-term bank borrowing (iii) Debt-equity ratio = Equity capital + Reserves & surplus 72,000,000 + 40,000,000 = = 1. 1 60,000,000 + 45,000,000 Profit before interest and tax (iv) Times interest coverage ratio = Interest 70,000,000 == 5. 83 12,000,000 Cost of goods sold204,000,000 (v) Inventory turnover period = = = 3. 34 Inventory61,000,000 365 (vi) Average collection period = Net sales / Accounts receivable 365 = =51. 3 days 320,000,000/45,000,000 (vii) Total assets =Equity + Total debt =( 60,000,000 + 45,000,000 ) +(72,000,000+40,000,000) = 217,000,000 Net sales320,000,000Total assets turnover ratio = == 1. 5 Total assets217,000,000 Profit after tax 38,000,000 (ix) Net profit margin= = = 11. 9% Net sales 320,000,000 PBIT 70,000,000 (x) Ea rning power = = = 32. 3 % Total assets 217,000,000 Equity earning 38,000,000 (xi) Return on equity = = = 36. 2 % Net worth 105,000,000 The comparison of the Acmes ratios with the standard is given below AcmeStandard Current ratio 1. 8 1. 3 Acid-test ratio 1. 1 0. 7 Debt-equity ratio 1. 1 2. 0 Times interest covered ratio 5. 8 4. 5 Inventory turnover ratio 3. 3 5. 0Average collection period 51. 3 days 45 days Total assets turnover ratio 1. 5 1. 5 Net profit margin ratio 11. 9 % 8 % Earning power 32. 3 % 20 % Return on equity 36. 2 % 18 % 23. Compute the financial ratios for Nainar Ltd. Evaluate Nainars performance with reference to the standards. Nainar Limited Balance Sheet, March 31, 20X7 Liabilities and Equity Equity capital Rs. 100,000,000 Reserves and surplus 65,000,000 Long-term debt 140,000,000 Short-term bank borrowing 70,000,000 Trade creditors 24,000,000 Provisions 19,000,000 Total 418,000,000 Assets Fixed assets (net) Rs. 206,000,000Current assets Cash and bank 25,000,000 Receivables 70,000,000 Inventories 85,000,000 Pre-paid expenses 20,000,000 Others 12,000,000 Total 418,000,000 Nainar Limited Profit and Loss Account for the Year Ended March 31, 20X7 Net sales Rs. 740,000,000 Cost of goods sold 520,000,000 Gross profit 220,000,000 Operating expenses 102,000,000 Operating profit 118,000,000 Non-operating surplus 12,000,000 Profit before interest and tax 130,000,000 Interest 22,000,000 Profit before tax 108,000,000 Tax 46,000,000 Profit after tax 62,000,000 Dividends 20,000,000Retained earnings 42,000,000 NainarStandard Current ratio 1. 7 Acid-test ratio 1. 0 Debt-equity ratio 1. 4 Times interest covered ratio 5. 5 Inventory turnover ratio 6. 0 Average collection period 40 days Total assets turnover ratio 2. 0 Net profit margin ratio 8 % Earning power 30 % Return on equity 35 % Solution For purposes of ratio analysis, we may recast the balance sheet as under. Let assume that Others in the balance sheet represents other current assets. Liabilities and Equity Equity capital 100,000,000Reserves and surplus 65,000,000 Long-term debt 140,000,000 Short-term bank borrowing 70,000,000 Total 375,000,000 Assets Fixed assets (net) 206,000,000 Current assets Cash and bank 25,000,000 Receivables 70,000,000 Inventories 85,000,000 Pre-paid expenses 20,000,000 Others 12,000,000 212,000,000 Less Current liabilities Trade creditors24,000,000 Provisions19,000,000 43,000,000 Net current assets 169,000,000 Total 375,000,000 Current assets (i) Current ratio = Current liabilities 212,000,000 == 1. 9 113,000,000 ( Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also)Current assets Inventories 127,000,000 (ii) Acid-test ratio = == 1. 1 Current liabilities 113,000,000 ( Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also) Long-term debt + Short-term bank borrowing (iii) Debt-equity ratio = Equity capital + Reserves & surplus 140,000,000 + 70,000,000 = = 1. 3 100,000,000 + 65,000,000 Profit before interest and tax (iv) Times int erest coverage ratio = Interest 130,000,000 == 5. 9 22,000,000 Cost of goods sold520,000,000 (v) Inventory turnover period = = = 6. 1 Inventory85,000,000 365 (vi) Average collection period = Net sales / Accounts receivable 365 = =34. 5 days 740,000,000/70,000,000 (vii)Total assets = Equity + Total debt =(100,000,000 + 65,000,000 ) +(140,000,000+70,000,000) = 375,000,000 Net sales740,000,000 Total assets turnover ratio = == 2. 0 Total assets375,000,000 Profit after tax 62,000,000 (ix) Net profit margin= = = 8. 4 % Net sales 740,000,000 PBIT 130,000,000 (x) Earning power = = = 34. 7 % Total assets 375,000,000 Equity earning 62,000,000 (xi) Return on equity = = = 37. 6 % Net worth 165,000,000 The comparison of the Nainars ratios with the standard is given below NainarStandard Current ratio 1. 9 1. 7 Acid-test ratio 1. 1 1. 0 Debt-equity ratio 1. 3 1. 4 Times interest covered ratio 5. 9 5. 5Inventory turnover ratio 6. 1 6. 0 Average collection period 34. 5 days 40 days Total assets tur nover ratio 2. 0 2. 0 Net profit margin ratio 8. 4 % 8 % Earning power 34. 7 % 30 % Return on equity 37. 6 % 35 % 24. The comparative balance sheets and comparative Profit and Loss accounts for Nalvar Limited, are given below Comparative Balance Sheets, Nalvar Limited (Rs. in million) 20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7 Share capital 1. 6 1. 6 1. 1. 8 2 Reserves and surplus 1. 0 1. 6 2. 4 2. 3 3 Long-term debt 1. 4 1. 5 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 Short-term bank borrowing 1. 3 1. 5 1. 7 1. 5 1. 2 Current liabilities 1. 1 1. 3 1. 5 1. 6 1. 8 Total 6. 4 7. 5 9. 2 8. 9. 4 Assets Net fixed assets 1. 2 1. 4 2 1. 7 2 Current assets Cash and bank 0. 3 0. 3 0. 2 0. 4 0. 3 Receivables 1. 8 2. 1 2. 5 2. 4 2. Inventories 1. 8 2. 2 2. 8 2. 4 2. 8 1. 3 1. 5 1. 7 1. 9 1. 8 Other assets Total 6. 4 7. 5 9. 2 8. 8 9. 4 Comparative Profit and Loss Accounts, Nalvar Limited (Rs. in million) 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7 20X3 Net sales 3. 8 4. 2 5. 3 6. 5 7. 8 Cost of goods so ld 2. 6 3. 3. 9 4 4. 8 Gross profit 1. 2 1. 1 1. 4 2. 5 3 Operating expenses 0. 3 0. 3 0. 4 0. 6 0. 6 Operating profit 0. 9 0. 8 1 1. 9 2. 4 Non-operating surplus deficit 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 3 0. 3 Profit before interest and tax 1 1 1. 2. 2 2. 7 Interest 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 Profit before tax 0. 9 0. 9 0. 9 2. 1 2. 6 Tax 0. 05 0. 08 1 1. 2 1. 2 Profit after tax 0. 85 0. 82 -0. 1 0. 9 1. 4 Required Compute the important ratios for Nalvar Limited for the years 20X3-20X7.You may assume that other assets in the balance sheet represent other current assets. Current ratio Debt-equity ratio Total assets turnover ratio Net profit margin Earning power Return on equity Solution We will rearrange the balance sheets as under for ratio analysis. It is assumed that Other assets are other current assets Liabilities and Equity Current ratio 2. 2 2. 2 2. 3 2. 3 2. 5 Debt-equity ratio 1. 0 0. 9 0. 8 0. 8 0. Total assets turnover ratio 0. 7 0. 7 0. 7 0. 9 1. 0 Net profit ma rgin(%) 22. 4 19. 5 -1. 9 13. 8 17. 9 Earning power (%) 18. 9 16. 1 14. 3 30. 6 35. 5 Return on equity (%) 32. 7 25. 6 -2. 4 22. 0 28. 0 26. The comparative balance sheets and comparative Profit and Loss accounts for Somani Limited, a machine tool manufacturer, are given below Comparative Balance Sheets, Somani Limited (Rs. in million) 20X5 20X6 20X7 20X4 20X3 Share capital 41 50 50 50 55 Reserves and surplus 16 36 72 118 150 Long-term debt 28 25 30 29 22 Short-term bank borrowing 35 30 36 38 38 Current liabilities 24 28 30 30 25 Total 144 169 218 265 290 Assets Net fixed assets 72 80 75 102 103 Current assets Cash and bank 8 9 15 12 11 Receivables 24 30 59 62 85 Inventories 35 42 55 75 79 Other Assets 5 8 14 14 12 Total 144 169 218 265 290 Comparative Profit & Loss Account of Somani Ltd (Rs. n million) 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7 20X3 Net sales 285 320 360 350 355 Cost of goods sold 164 150 170 175 174 Gross profit 121 170 190 175 181 Operating expenses 64 66 68 68 64 Operating profit 57 104 122 107 117 Non-operating surplus deficit 3 4 4 3 3 Profit before interest and tax 60 108 126 110 120 Interest 8 6 10 12 12 Profit before tax 52 102 116 98 108 Tax 15 26 30 26 29 Profit after tax 37 76 86 72 79 Compute the following ratios for years 20X3-20X7 Current ratio Debt-equity ratio Total assets turnover ratio Net profit margin Earning power Return on equity For ratio analysis purpose, we will rearrange the balance sheet as under. It is assumed that Other assets are other current assets 20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7 Share capital 41 50 Current ratio 1. 2 1. 5 2. 2 2. 4 3. 0 Debt-equity ratio 1. 1 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. Total assets turnover ratio 2. 4 2. 3 1. 9 1. 5 1. 3 Net profit margin (%) 13. 0 23. 8 23. 9 20. 6 22. 3 Earning power (%) 50. 0 76. 6 67. 0 46. 8 45. 3 Return on equity (%) 64. 9 88. 4 70. 5 42. 9 38. 5 26. The Balance sheets and Profit and Loss accounts of LKG Corp oration are given below. Prepare the commonalty size and common base financial statements Balance Sheets (Rs. n million) 206 207 Shareholders funds 256 262 Loan funds 156 212 Total 412 474 Fixed assets 322 330 Investments 15 15 Net current assets 75 129 Total 412 474 Profit & Loss Accounts (Rs. n million) 206 207 Net sales 623 701 Cost of goods sold 475 552 Gross profit 148 149 PBIT 105 89 Interest 22 21 PBT 83 68 Tax 41 34 PAT 42 34 Solution cat valium Size statements Profit and Loss Account Regular ( in Rs. Common Size(%) million) 206 207 206 207 Net sales 623 701 100 100 Cost of goods sold 475 552 76 79 Gross profit 148 149 24 21 PBIT 105 89 17 13 Interest 22 21 4 3 PBT 83 68 13 10 Tax 41 34 7 5 PAT 42 34 7 5 Balance Sheet Regular ( in million) Common Size(%) 206 207 206 207 Shareholders funds 256 262 62 55 Loan funds 156 212 38 45 Total 412 474 100 100 Fixed assets 322 330 78 70 Investments 15 15 4 3 Net c urrent assets 75 129 18 27 Total 412 474 100 100 27. The Balance sheets and Profit and Loss accounts of Grand Limited are given below. Prepare the common size and common base financial statements Balance Sheet 206 207 Shareholders fund 85 85 Loan funds 125 180 Total 210 265 Fixed assets 127 170 Investments 8 10 Net current assets 75 85 Total 210 265 Profit & Loss Account 206 207 Net sales 450 560 Cost of goods sold 320 410 Gross profit 130 150 PBIT 85 98 Interest 12 17 PBT 73 81 Tax 22 38 PAT 51 43 Solution Balance Sheet Regular (Rs. n million) Common Size(%) 206 207 206 207 Shareholders funds 85 85 40 32 Loan funds 125 180 60 68 Total 210 265 100 100 Fixed assets 127 170 60 64 Investments 8 10 4 4 Net current assets 75 85 36 32 Total 210 265 100 100 Profit & Loss Account Regular (Rs. n million) Common Size(%) 206 207 206 207 Net sales 450 560 100 100 Cost of goods sold 320 410 71 73 Gross profit 130 150 29 27 PBIT 85 98 19 18 Interest 12 17 3 3 PBT 73 81 16 14 Tax 22 38 5 7 PAT 51 43 11 8 Common base year statements Balance Sheet Regular (Rs. n million) Common base year (%) 206 207 206 207 Shareholders funds 85 85 100 100 Loan funds 125 180 100 144 Total 210 265 100 126 Fixed assets 127 170 100 134 Investments 8 10 100 125 Net current assets 75 85 100 113 Total 210 265 100 126 Profit & Loss Account Regular (Rs. n million) Common base year (%) 206 207 206 207 Net sales 450 560 100 124 Cost of goods sold 320 410 100 128 Gross profit 130 150 100 115 PBIT 85 98 100 115 Interest 12 17 100 142 PBT 73 81 100 111 Tax 22 38 100 173 PAT 51 43 100 84 CHAPTER 5 1. The profit and loss account of Sasi Industires Limited for years 1 and 2 is given below Using the percent of sales method, prepare the pro forma profit and loss account for year 3. Assume that the sales will be 3500 in year 3. If dividends are raised to 40, what numerate of retained earnings can be expected for year 3? Year 1 2 Net sa les 2300 2700 Cost of goods sold 1760 2000 Gross profit 540 700 Selling expenses 150 180 General and administration expenses 120 124 Depreciation 94 84 Operating profit 176 312 Non-operating surplus deficit 12 10 lettuce before interest and tax 188 322 Interest 30 38 Earnings before tax 158 284 Tax 56 96 Earnings after tax 102 188 Dividends 35 35 Retained earnings 67 153 Solution Year 1 2 Average percent Proforma Profit & Loss of sales account for year 3 assuming sales of 3500 Net sales 2300 2700 100 3500 Cost of goods sold 1760 2000 75. 30 2635. 43 Gross profit 540 700 24. 70 864. 57 Selling expenses 150 180 6. 59 230. 80 General and administration expenses 120 124 4. 90 171. 7 Depreciation 94 84 3. 60 125. 97 Operating profit 176 312 9. 60 336. 14 Non-operating surplus deficit 12 10 0. 45 15. 61 Earnings before interest and tax 188 322 10. 05 351. 75 Interest 30 38 1. 36 47. 46 Earnings before tax 158 284 8. 69 304. 29 Tax 56 96 3. 00 104. 3 Earnings after tax 102 188 5. 70 199. 46 Dividends(given) 35 35 40 Retained earnings 67 153 159. 46 2. The profit and loss account of KG Electronics Limited for years 1 and 2 is given below Using the percent of sales method, prepare the pro forma profit and loss account for year 3. Assume that the sales will be 26,000 in year 3. If dividends are raised to 500, what amount of retained earnings can be expected for year3 . Year 1 2 Net sales 18,230 22,460 Cost of goods sold 13,210 16100 Gross profit 5020 6360 Selling expenses 820 890 General and administration expenses

Nationally Identity Cards

Real ID will non take away people any safer no matter how people strive and spin it. In reality people will be less safe from tyranny and despotism than ever before for the drive that it doesnt come from knocked out(p)side forces hardly right here in the homeland our own backyard (AJY, 2005). The terrorist attacks of September 11 read revived proposals for a content identity card system as a way to confirm the identity of airline passengers and keep away from terrorists from entering the country (Kristof and Stanley, 2004). For instance, the Chairman and CEO of Oracle Corp., Larry Ellison, lately called for the creation of a national ID system and offered to make available the software for it without charge.The newest calls for a national ID are only the latest in a long series of proposals that have cropped up repeatedly over the past decade, typically in the framework of immigration policy, but also in connection with gun control or health care reform. But the creation of a n ational I.D. card remains a misplaced, superficial quick fix. It offers only a false thought of security and will not enhance our security but will pose serious threats to the civil liberties and civil rights. A National ID will not keep people safe or free.The problem is the card itself. No matter how unforgeable we make it, it will be forged. And even worse, people will let legitimate cards in fraudulent names (Schneier, 2004). A national ID card system will not avoid terrorism. It would not have spoil the September 11 hijackers, for instance, lot of whom reportedly had identification documents on them, and were in the country licitly.Terrorists and criminals will continue to be able to get by legal and illegal means the documents needed to get a government ID, such as birth certificates.Yes, these new documents will have data like digital fingerprints on them, but that wont show real identity just that the carrier has obtained what could without difficulty be a fraudulent doc ument. And their creation would not justify the terms to American taxpayers, which according to the societal Security Administration would be at least $4 billion. It is an impractical and ineffective proposal a simplistic and nave try to use gee-whiz technology to solve difficult social and economic problems.A national ID card system would not protect us from terrorism, but it would seduce a system of internal passports that would extensively diminish the freedom and privacy of law-abiding citizens. Once put in place, it is super unlikely that such a system would be restricted to its original purpose. Social Security come ins, for instance, were initially intended to be used only to administer the retirement program. But that enclose has been routinely ignored and steadily abandoned over the past 50 years. A national ID system would threaten the privacy that Americans have always enjoyed and step by step amplify the control that government and business wields over everyday cit izens (Miller, 1995).What happens when an ID card is stolen? What proof is used to make a decision that gets a card? A national ID would require a governmental database of every person in the U.S. containing continually updated identifying information. It would likely contain numerous errors, any one of which could render psyche unemployable and probably much worse until they get their file straightened out. And once that database was created, its use would almost certainly expand. Law enforcement and other government agencies would soon use up to link into it, while employers, direct mailers, landlords, private investigators, landlords, credit agencies, mortgage brokers, civil litigants, and a long list of other parties would begin seeking access, further corroding the privacy that Americans have always expected in their personal lives.Americans have long had a visceral aversion to building a society in which the authorities could act like totalitarian sentries and demand your papers please And that everyday intrusiveness would be conjoined with the full power of modern ready reckoner and database technology. When a police officer or security guard scans your ID card with his pocket bar-code reader, for instance, will a permanent record be created of that check, including the time and your muddle? How long before office buildings, doctors offices, gas stations, high-pitchedway tolls, subways and buses incorporate the ID card into their security or payment systems for greater efficiency? The end result could be a nation where citizens movements inside their own country are monitored and recorded through these internal passports.Rather than eliminating discrimination, as some have claimed, a national identity card would foster new forms of discrimination and harassment of anyone perceived as looking or sounding foreign. That is what happened after Congress passed the Employer Sanctions provision of the in-migration Reform and Control Act of 1985 widespre ad discrimination against foreign-looking American workers, particularly Asians and Hispanics. A 1990 General Accounting Office study found almost 20 percent of employers engaged in such practices.A national ID card would have the same effect on a massive scale, as Latinos, Asians, Caribbeans and other minorities became subject to ceaseless status and identity checks from police, banks, merchants and others. Failure to carry a national I.D. card would likely come to be viewed as a reason for search, detention or arrest of minorities. The stigma and humiliation of constantly having to prove that they are Americans or legal immigrants would weigh heavily on such groups.National ID is an extremely terrible idea it really isnt clear to me that a national ID card does not make identification more reliable as well as realizing important economic savings by standardization. In particular while I agree that using one ID system introduces an ordinary point of high value failure it also econo mically feasible to invest a great deal more in the ID system. If one ID replaces n IDs you can make the ID cost roughly about the sum of the costs of all those other IDs. If one national ID replaced our entire drivers licenses, passports, credit cards and so forth it could allow more sophisticated safeguards than any of the former IDs item-by-itemly.National ID system is a bad idea. Unfortunately, insecure and badly abused national ID system already exist the Social Security Number. Using SSN and Drivers Licenses as ID systems is bad, bad, bad. There are little or no regulations governing how these data can be used and this result in the current state of things with your name and SSN, an identity thief can wreak havoc on your life. With a plain, secure, and open computer architecture for individual IDs, then we, as citizens, could take power over how our identities are used and disseminated for things like insurance forms, employment applications, credit applications, etc. Unfort unately, the need to positively identify and track an individual for these purposes is a stone cold part of daily life.Rather than reject outright the notion of any form of national ID we should be actively working towards an architecture that actually works and provides safeguards for our personal information, while at the same time making application processes easier and more streamlined. Honestly, it makes me fume that I have to fill out my personal and insurance information every time I go to any medical professional. Why cant I enter a PIN number or password into a secured touch pad and automatically authorize the download of my information automatically? Enabling this sort of ability would be move forward, not backward.REFERENCEAJY, Real ID Act Is Our National ID Card Real Bad, Real Stupid, 2005 Bruce Schneier. A National ID Card Wouldnt Make Us Safer. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2004 http//www.schneier.com/blog/ register/2005/05/real_id.htmlKristof and Jay Stanley. Should the U.S. adopt a national ID card system? Many countries issue national ID cards. Post-9/11 security concerns have prompted a debate about whether ) An member from New York Times Upfront, Scholastic, Inc., 2004.Miller, John J. A national ID system Big brothers solution to illegal immigration, Cato Institute (1995).

Foreseeable Future Essay

This paper is a discussion of a debate between Julian L. Simon, author of The Ultimate Resource, and David Pimentel et al., authors of the article Impact of Population exploitation on Food Supplies and Environment. The debate centers on the question Will the World Be Able to Feed Itself in the Foreseeable Future? I anyow for summarize each sides argument, identify the key point over which they most basically protest, and explain what I would like to admit more than about in order to arrive at my own position on the issue.Simon argues that with our present technology, and with the technology that is still being developed, the world will easily be able to feed itself, regardless of the increasing size of its population. He explains how food issue adheres to the law of supply and involve an increase in population and income will produce a higher demand for food. For a short time some foods may become scarce. Rising food prices collect to the scarcity will prompt agronomical re searchers and farmers to invent better methods of producing food and therefore increase the food production. He emphasizes that this pattern can only go if the agriculturally productive countries promote entrepreneurship and economic freedom.Simon points out that the capacity of food-factory production has expanded to a degree almost beyond belief. (Simon, p. 115). He describes how hydroponic farming, which involves indoor, factory-controlled conditions, is more come to efficient and produces higher quality produce than traditional farming methods. He in any case argues that our food supplies are not limited by the essence of sun glint falling on green plants due to the availability of nuclear as well as non-nuclear power (such as solar cells, wind, and ocean currents) to make light. Simon also names separate existing technology, such as bovine reaping hormone and genetically engineered plants, which he predicts will surely produce huge commercialized gains in the next centu ry. (Simon, p. 117).In addition to an increase in the production of field crops, Simon also assures us that the world fish catch is rapidly increasing, and that aquaculture (fish farming) has the authorisation to expand exponentially. Land is a small constraint, as catfish farming in Mississippi shows presentmethods produce about 3000 pounds of fish per acre, an economic pass off far higher than for field crops. (Simon, p. 118).David Pimentel et al. disagree that the world will be able to feed itself in the foreseeable future. They point to a decreasing amount of fertile land, fresh water, energy, and biological resources needed to provide an adequate supply of food. Evidence supporting their claim includes the fact that nearly one-third of the worlds cropland is no longer being used due to erosion, and that water shortages are reflected in the per capita decline in irrigation used for food production in all regions of the world during the past 20 years. (Pimental et al., p. 122)B asing their projections on reports from the U.S. Dept. of Energy, Pimentel et al. predict that the U.S. will use up all of its own oil reserves within the next 15 or 20 years, causing an over-reliance on oil importing. In addition, Pimentel et al. point out that if the U.S. population doubles in the next 60 years, its cereal and other food imports to most of the other 182 nations would have to be kept at home to meet its own food supply needs. They warn that an increased demand for food due to physical and biological constraints without an increase in food production will cause a breakdown in international trade. At that point, food importation for the rich can only be sustained by starvation of the powerless poor. (Pimentel el al., p. 123).The key point over which Simon and Pimentel et al. disagree is whether or not current and new technology will be able to support the world populations food needs. Simon contends, Whether or not population grows exponentially, subsistence grows a t an even faster exponential rate (largely alone not entirely because of population growth.) And capacity to improve other aspects of the standard of living, beyond subsistence, grows at a still faster exponential rate, due largely to the growth of knowledge. (Simon, p. 119).Pimentel, et al. believe that improved technology will assist in more effective management and use of resources, but it cannot produce an unlimited flow of those vital natural resources that are the raw materialsfor sustained agricultural production. (Pimentel, p. 124). In other words, people cannot make topsoil or water. Pimentel et al. fail to mention such possible alternate solutions such as hydroponic farming or aquaculture.thither are a number of things that I would motive clarified before I could arrive at my own position on this issue. First, I would want to know how much lag time is occurring or will occur when the demand for food (or certain kinds of food, such as cereal), exceeds the supply. (There i s always some lag before supply responds to additional demand, which may mean that some will suffer. Simon, p. 120). Many people in the developing countries ARE currently passing game hungry. Will advances in technology, as well as changes in our social and economic systems, give us the ability to stop and prevent worldwide famish? What would these social and economic changes look like?Another assertion by Simon that needs to be discussed further is the cost and dependability of using artificial light and nuclear power to farm hydroponically. It seems like a promising way to deal with the increased demand for food, but will the cost for this type of production be too high for developing countries? How will these countries be able to pay for food that is imported to them?Simon asserts that hydroponic produce looks good and tastes good (Simon, p. 116), but will time prove it to be as safe and healthy as food grown the traditional way? (e.g. NutraSweet, which has been proven to not be totally safe, vs. sugar.). Pimentel et al. point out the threat to our environment and biodiversity caused by overpopulation. Would a greater focus on conservation and an effort to reduce over-consumption and pollution on the part of developed countries make enough of a difference to still have adequate natural resources? (Is it possible to have it both ways technologically advanced/safe food production and naturally produced food?)There also seems to be a discrepancy between Simons assertion that the yearbook fish catch is continuing to rise and Pimentel et al.s statement that Per capita fish catch has not increased even though the size and speed of look for vessels has improved. (Pimentel, p. 125). Pimentel et al. also did not address the potential of aquaculture or hydroponic farming to supply food, or the capability of technology to produce artificial substitutes, even though they were able to gather a large amount of other data from such reputable sources as World Bank and the Food and Agricultural presidential term of the United Nations.In summary, I would like to obtain more factual information concerning actual and projected shortages of natural resources. I need more present that hydroponic and artificial food farming is more than adequate to meet the demand for food. Finally, I need to further understand the effects that population growth is having on our environment.

Kafka on the Shore Essay

Commentary on Kafka On The Shore Childhood is an important part in each and e real one of our lives. It has a huge impact on our character, personality and level sociability as we grow up. Some of us who get from good, stable family backgrounds would have pleasant memories from our childhood while some others who faced the cruelty of life at a young age would hate to even think of their childhood. In this excerpt from Kafka on The Shore by Haruki Murakami, the motive writes about a 15-year old Kafkas childhood. It shows the kind of relationship the boy shared with his father and his personality.I will be writing about how language is used in this excerpt to tell us about the boy and his childhood. The author uses imagery in this excerpt. For example he says My sisters looking off to one side so half her face is in ass. This gives a mysterious feel to the sister and tells us that she probably was a significant figure to the boy. Furthermore he writes, hers a floral-print one-piec e, mine a soggy old blue trunks. The author describes the sister such that she seems better dressed and better looking than Kafka.It suggests that he looks up to his sister and thinks highly of her. It to a fault shows the love that he has for his sister as he decides to take that picture along with him. He also mentions that he is staring straight ahead, undaunted in the picture. He then asks himself how could I have looked so happy referring to the same picture. By considering him to be happy in the picture it shows the extent of unhappiness he has with his family and life at the moment. Kafka started planning for his run away from home since his junior high years.He took steps in order to prepare for it by practicing judo and train in the gym from that time itself. This shows how clear he was about his decision to run away from home. He knew exactly what he wanted to do and was very certain about it and also worked towards it. Thus Kafka is an emotionally strong person. Despite having family problems at such a young age, he did not go into embossment but rather took action to fight against it. In the ninth paragraph, Kafka says that he barely talks to anyone, other than the bare minimum required to get by at school-I barely talk to anyone.This shows his gustatory sensation to be in solitude. It could be due to the fact that he grew up alone with his father and didnt pass away much time with his father either. He also says that he didnt join any school teams. This is to avoid attention from others and to keep a low-profile. His preference to have a low profile could be due to low self-esteem and a lack of confidence. The excerpt tells us that he takes an old metallic lighter when he leaves home because I like the design and feel of it.This shows that he takes comfort and even reassurance in an object, which he can trust no matter what as it couldnt hurt him emotionally. It reflects the insecurity in the boy. Kafka also says, Ive built a wall around me, never letting anybody at bottom and trying not to venture out myself. This further is proof to show his preference to be left alone and by not letting anyone let close to him also the insecurity that he has. He is afraid that if he lets anyone through his wall, he would only get hurt and be let gloomy by them.Since young he grew up alone dealing with the separation of his mother and father. This could have lead to his insecurity along with all the other hardships he went through. In conclusion, from the excerpt u can tell that Kafka is a matured 15-year old that has gone through emotional hardships due to the lack of attention from his dad and separated family. He is insecure and prefers to be left alone, like how he grew up alone without a proper family. You can also conclude that he and his father do not get along well with each other.

Political Competence Essay

In almost any affair that involves multiple stakeholders the idea of partnership and collaboration arrest essential roles. This is also applicable in building a strong society or solid ground especially since it is composed of numerous people with varying needs that must be addressed. In sexual relation to this the concepts of good corporate citizenship and governmental competence be vital in giving the necessary work to the people.Corporate citizenship pertains to a new contract among business and society, a vision of partnership between different sections of community, which allies profitable companies with healthy communities because what happens to societies happens to business (Benchmarks, n. d. ). On the other hand, political competence involves skills and attributes that actualize it possible for the achievement of organizational goals (Wells, n. d. ). Good corporate citizenship and political competence atomic number 18 related because these are interdependent upon ea ch other.In order for good corporate citizenship to make successful partnerships it needs political competence that will make sure that the plans they made will be properly applied so that their objectives can be realized. Since the past up to the contemporary time, the government plays an important role in the organization, training dissemination, budgeting, and funding of a countrys health care system. The government is the primary body that is responsible in passing laws for the planning as well as the implementation of various concerns regarding the healthcare system of the country.This is greatly apparent in countries like the United States of America, states in the European Union as well as in other parts of the world. However, this shape of system is not continuously as effective as it seem to be. There are still many people who lack the proper healthcare attention, which is always the reason that there are various sicknesses that most citizens suffer from. The main probl em why such incompetence takes place is due to the lack of political will coming from the government and also the wrong and sometimes illegal contracts that are happening among the public agencies and corporations.This could be seen in the common practice that is observable in the distribution of the needed medicine for most healthcare centers. Government funded organizations are responsible in commissioning private corporations in corrupting the needed medicinal paraphernalia. Nevertheless, anomalies often happen in this kind of dealings. Corrupt government officials would allot a huge amount of budget in order to buy medicinal necessities but this money is not consumed for this sole purpose. Some of it tends to fall in the pocket of officials who are only thinking of their vested interests.They would engage in illegal contracts with private corporations who would also gain benefit in the process (Messerli, 2008). This kind of issue is clearly an ethical dilemma that needs to be address immediately. A good solution for this problem is to create an objective, independent body that would see to it that the budget allotted for the healthcare of the citizens are use for the right purposes. This is one good way in order to do something to preclude this kind of anomaly from happening. The healthcare of citizens is a very important aspect of an individuals right, which is why it should be given due attentions and importance.

Ict in Teacher Education

ICT in instructor Education Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor Department of Education Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar 608002. Abstract Information and Communication Technologies has a bang-up potential to contri simplye positively towards knowledge dissemination, sound statement and the instruct of to a greater extent efficient bringing up service. In instructor reading, student-teachers acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and competences on how to integrate engine room in education. The knowledge and competences be how to economic consumption ICT in precept and schooling has gained enormous importance in todays teacher education programs.The integration of study and communication technologies provide sponsor revitalize teachers and students. This can protagonist to make better and develop the quality of education by providing curricular abide in difficult subject atomic number 18as. usance of ICT in tuition settings can act to apply various aspect s of knowledge construction and as more than and more students employ ICTs in their training processes. ICT enabled education will ultimately lead to the democratization of education. intro Teacher is considered to be the architect of the nation. matchless can realize how substantial education is which makes one a teacher.Teacher education is looked after by a systematic operation of various agencies involved in it. conglomerate education commissions and a number of expert committee pull in discussed the aims of teacher education in India. One of the main reasons is the inadequate academic, professional and pedagogic preparation and insufficient level of knowledge and the skills of the faculty. Besides this, tralatitious versus modern methods of learn, outdated knowledge and information and lack of skills, teachers attitude, aptitude and authenticity of their sources of knowledge argon whatsoever of the other core issues.Owing to knowledge explosion and tremendously fast changing ICT, the teachers some seasons find it sort of difficult to cope with the refreshing intellectual challenges being thrown up by the win overd global and local anaesthetic context. Therefore, they need to acquire young knowledge, and reliable and authentic information. In present scenario, teachers need to aid their students in how to learn, how to grow in future, how to develop study skills, how to conduct fundamental research, how to examine, evaluate and assess information This is required if the teachers really want to survive in the ICT world of education.A teacher plays a significant role non only in class commandment learning situation but in social engineer too. Society gives a respectable place to teachers who are really perspective empowered. This empowerment is not at in terms of physical perspective. It is in academic, intellectual, social, and national perspectives. ICT in Education Information and Communication Technologies has a great potential to contribute positively towards knowledge dissemination, effective learning and the development of more efficient education service. Information and Communication Technologies are becoming increasingly pervasive in reaching schools.It is all important(p) that teachers and teacher-educators have a thorough working knowledge of these media and their influence on the performance and engagement of their students. ICT includes, but is not limited to, personal computers, laptops, printers, LCD projectors, palm devices, iPods, fax machines, cell phones, cyberspace, Intranet and Web-Based Education that offers entrance moneyibility, flexibility and in advance(p)ness in doctrine and learning. Teachers have ability to apply digital technology, communication tools, and networks appropriately to solve information problems in order to function in an information and knowledge society.This encompasses three areas of ICT literacy, namely cognitive, technical, and social. ICT integrated teacher education is more important to Indian education system that is committed to maintain global partnership as well as leadership in knowledge-based society. ICT in education are not only new tools bringing evolution and changes. They raise new fundamental paradigms, new fundamental concepts, which change profoundly our societies, which change knowledge and access to knowledge. The digital natives will bring this new context, whatever the schools do or not. This is a new challenge for schools and for teachers.Digital natives are not only new pupils, a kind of new mensuration in the humankind they are the main actors of the new digital society, the new citizens of the knowledge society. Learning and teaching in the digital society. It should be no surprise that teachers who, like other professionals, are expected to be lifelong learners, must in like manner meet the challenges of digital and mobile technologies. It is not simply a social occasion of mastering new technology since th e entire traditional paradigm has been up-ended, they must re-examine their profession and define their role of the teachers in the learning process.Understanding and mastering technology is the starting point of a process of creating a new school. ICT in Teacher Education Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have the potential of educational challenges. In teacher education, student-teachers acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and competences on how to integrate technology in education. The knowledge and competences are how to use ICT in teaching and learning has gained enormous importance in todays teacher education programs.This is because student-teachers adoption of ICT use in the classroom has strong positive correlation with the pedagogical schooling rather than technical skills a limited ICT-related teacher education program or course must seek to lift the following aspects of knowledge so as to help students-teachers know how to use technology in the teachin g and learning processes * association of problems or situations that can be solved by technology. * Knowledge of the kind of technology that can solve this kind of problem. * Knowledge of how the technology can solve a specified problem.This kind of knowledge is known as Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). It is important that student-teachers are trained on how to use ICT in delivering of education to make learning more pregnant for using Education Technologies to support instruction. Student-teachers should be introduced to TPCK concept and should work in an environment that promotes this understanding for effective integration of technology in their future teaching. ICT courses in teacher education must as well as distort to develop a sound understanding of the learning theories and ways how ICT can be employ to elevate teaching and learning.It is expected that ICT courses in teacher education should make student-teachers appreciate that the choice of what ever particular technology should be grounded not only on specific learning theory but also on pedagogical needs and the context. This ICT course must promote among student-teachers the knowledge and competences related to the application of ICT to promote teaching and learning process. Using ICT in education includes * the use of ICT as object of study which refers to learning about ICT which enables student-teachers to use ICT in their daily life. the use of ICT as aspect of a discipline or profession meaning that ICT is used for development of ICT skills for professional or vocational purposes. * ICT as medium for teaching and learning which focuses on the use of ICT for the stirment of the teaching and learning process. To effectively use the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) to repair learning, the following essential conditions must be met * Students and teachers must have sufficient access to digital technologies and the Internet in their classrooms, sch ools, and teacher education institutions. High quality, meaningful, and culturally responsive digital gist must be available for teachers and learners. * Teachers must have the knowledge and skills to use the new digital tools and resources to help all students achieve high academic standards. Teacher education institutions are go about with the challenge of preparing a new generation of teachers to effectively use the new learning tools in their teaching practices. For many teacher education programmes, this daunting tax requires the acquisition of new resources, expertise and careful planning.In approaching this task it is stabilizing to understand * the impact of technology on global society and the implications for education, * the extensive knowledge that has been generated about how nation learn and what this means for creating more effective and harming student- centred learning environments, * the stages of teacher development and the levels of adoption of ICTs by teac hers, * the critical importance of context, culture, leadership and vision, lifelong learning, and the change process in planning for the integration of technology into teacher education, * the ICT competencies required of teachers related to content, pedagogy, technical issues, social issues, collaboration, and networking, * the importance of developing standards to guide implementation of ICTs in teacher education, * the essential conditions for successful integration of ICTs into teacher education, * important strategies to consider in planning for the selection of ICTs in teacher education and managing the change process. Integrating ICT into teachingThe integration of information and communication technologies can help revitalize teachers and students. This can help to improve and develop the quality of education by providing curricular support in difficult subject areas. To achieve these objectives, teachers need to be involved in collaborative projects and development of inte rvention change strategies, which would include teaching partnerships with ICT as a tool. ICT enhancing teaching and learning process earn ICT into their classrooms teachers should believe in the effectiveness of technology, teachers should believe that the use of technology will not cause any disturbances, and finally teachers should believe that they have control over technology.The use of ICT will not only enhance learning environments but also prepare next generation for future lives and careers. The integration of ICT into teaching and learning processes contributes to increase the interaction and reception of information. Such possibilities suggest changes in the communication models and the teaching and learning methods used by teachers, giving way to new scenario which favours both individual and collaborative learning. Students using ICTs for learning purposes flex immersed in the process of learning and as more and more students use computers as information sources and c ognitive tools. The influence of the technology on supporting how students learn will continue to increase.In the past, the conventional process of teaching has revolved around teachers planning and leading students through a series of instructional sequences to achieve a desired learning outcome. Learning approaches using contemporary ICTs provide many opportunities for constructivist learning through their preparedness and support for resource-based, student centred settings and by enabling learning to be related to context and to practice. engagement of ICT in learning settings can act to support various aspects of knowledge construction and as more and more students employ ICTs in their learning processes, the more pronounced the impact of this will become. Teachers generate meaningful and engaging learning experiences for their students, strategically using ICT to enhance learning. ICT enhancing the quality of educationICT increases the flexibility of delivery of education so that learners can access knowledge anytime and from anywhere. It can influence the way students are taught and how they learn as now the processes are learner driven and not by teachers. This in turn would better prepare the learners for lifelong learning as well as to improve the quality of learning. In concert with geographical flexibility, technology-facilitated educational programs also remove many of the temporal constraints that face learners with special needs. Students are starting to appreciate the capability to try education anywhere, anytime and anyplace. One of the most vital contributions of ICT in the field of education is- Easy Access to Learning.With the help of ICT, students can now browse through e-books, sample examination papers, previous year papers and so forth and can also have an easy access to resource persons, mentors, experts, researchers, professionals, and peers-all over the world. This flexibility has heightened the availability of just-in-time learni ng and provided learning opportunities for many more learners who previously were constrained by other commitments. Wider availability of better(p) practices and best course material in education, which can be shared by means of ICT, can entertain better teaching. ICT also allows the academic institutions to reach disadvantaged groups and new international educational markets.As well as learning at any time, teachers are also finding the capabilities of teaching at any time to be opportunistic and able to be used to advantage. Mobile technologies and seamless communications technologies support 247 teaching and learning. Choosing how much time will be used inwardly the 247 envelope and what periods of time are challenges that will face the educators of the future. Thus, ICT enabled education will ultimately lead to the democratization of education. Especially in developing countries like India, effective use of ICT for the purpose of education has the potential to link up the di gital divide. Uses of ICT in delivery arts How ICT improves the teaching/learning of diction or how to improve language teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for language materials and lessons * Searching literature-based, creative writing, problem-solving Internet projects with the option of using interpersonal exchanges, virtual gatherings, peer feedback or mentoring to support student learning. * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a language art program Uses of ICT in science * How ICT improves the teaching/learning of science or how to improve science teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for science materials and lessons * Science education on the Internet Use of computers software and calculators for science teaching * Use of computer to simulate scientific phenomena and use of graphic calculators to postulate and analys e data * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a science curriculum Uses of ICT in mathematics * How ICT improves the teaching/learning of mathematics or how to improve mathematics teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for mathematics materials and lessons * Use of computer software and calculators for mathematics teaching * Use of computers and graphic calculators to collect and analyse data and to build and test mathematical models of the real-world * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a mathematics curriculum Uses of ICT in social studies How ICT improves the teaching/learning of social studies or how to improve social studies teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for social studies materials and lessons * Searching problem-solving, enquiry and creative thinking materials with the option of using inter personal exchanges, virtual gatherings, peer feedback or mentoring to support student learning * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a social studies art curriculum Conclusion The teacher education system empowered by ICT driven infrastructure can have a great opportunity to come up to the centre stage and ensure academic excellence, quality instruction and leadership in a knowledge-based society. 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